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Knowledge Base

PHY Layer Reference & Whitepapers

Technical deep dives, interactive notebooks, and whitepapers across PHY layer, quantum communications, ML for wireless, NTN, and ISAC. Written for engineers who want first-principles understanding.

Core PHY ML + PHY Quantum + PHY NTN + PHY ML + Quantum ISAC
// 01 — Core PHY
5G/6G Physical Layer Fundamentals
PRACH, PDCCH, beamforming, O-RAN, MIMO, channel modeling
PRACH · 5G NR
PRACH Explained — From UE Transmission to gNB Detection
Step-by-step walkthrough of the PRACH procedure in 5G NR — format selection, ZC sequence generation, timing, detection at gNB.
coming soon
Beamforming · BFW
Beamforming Weights in 5G NR — How BFW Works
Analog, digital, and hybrid beamforming architecture, BFW configuration in O-RAN C-plane, and beam management flows.
coming soon
O-RAN · Timing
O-RAN Fronthaul Timing — Ta3, Ta4 and What Goes Wrong
Deep dive into O-RAN WG4 CUS timing parameters, PRACH Ta3/Ta4 windows, and common violation patterns.
coming soon
PDCCH · Blind Decoding
PDCCH Blind Decoding — Search Space and CCE Aggregation
How UE performs blind decoding, CCE aggregation levels, CORESET configuration, and DCI format detection.
coming soon
OFDM · PHY · Notebook
OFDM Basics — DFT/FFT through 4G/5G/6G Waveforms
Deep-dive notebook covering DFT/FFT fundamentals, CP-OFDM, SC-FDMA, NR waveform design, and evolution through 4G/5G/6G. 11 sections, 21 charts.
notebook →
// 02 — ML + PHY
Machine Learning for Wireless PHY
Neural receivers, AI-native air interface, deep learning for channel estimation
Channel Estimation · Deep Learning
Deep Learning for Channel Estimation in 5G NR
Why classical MMSE falls short, how CNNs and transformers improve channel estimation, practical results and limitations.
coming soon
Neural Receivers · MIMO
Neural Network MIMO Receivers — A PHY Engineer's View
End-to-end learned receivers vs classical detectors, autoencoder-based comms, and where ML adds real value in PHY.
coming soon
Beam Management · RL
Reinforcement Learning for Beam Management in 5G
Framing beam selection as an RL problem, state-action-reward design, and comparison with classical codebook methods.
coming soon
// 03 — Quantum + PHY
Quantum Communications & PHY Layer
QKD, entanglement-assisted comms, quantum channel models, 6G quantum architecture
Quantum · PHY · 6G
Quantum Communications — A PHY Engineer's Perspective
Quantum channel vs classical channel, superposition, entanglement, and what quantum comms means for future PHY design.
coming soon
QKD · Security
Quantum Key Distribution — PHY Layer Security for 6G
BB84, E91 protocols, QKD integration in 6G architecture, physical layer security vs quantum security.
coming soon
// 04 — NTN + PHY
Non-Terrestrial Networks PHY Layer
Satellite PHY, Doppler compensation, LEO/MEO/GEO models, 3GPP R17+ NTN
NTN · 3GPP R17
NTN PHY Layer in 5G NR — What Changes from Terrestrial
Timing advance challenges, Doppler pre-compensation, PRACH design for NTN, feeder link vs service link PHY differences.
coming soon
LEO · Channel Model
LEO Satellite Channel Modeling for 5G NR
Path loss, Doppler spread, elevation angle effects, atmospheric impairments, and 3GPP NTN channel model overview.
coming soon
// 05 — ML + Quantum
Quantum Machine Learning for Communications
QML, variational quantum circuits, quantum-enhanced optimization for wireless
QML · Signal Processing
Quantum ML for Signal Detection — Concepts and Limits
Variational quantum classifiers for modulation recognition, quantum advantage in signal detection, current hardware constraints.
coming soon
// 06 — ISAC
Integrated Sensing & Communications
OFDM-ISAC, joint radar-comms waveform, sensing-comms tradeoffs
ISAC · OFDM · Notebook
ISAC OFDM Notebook v2 — Integrated Sensing & Communications
Interactive notebook covering OFDM-based ISAC waveform design, sensing-comms performance tradeoffs, and PHY analysis.
notebook →
ISAC · 6G · Waveform
Joint Radar-Communications Waveform Design in 6G
Sensing-comms tradeoff metrics, DFRC architecture, OFDM vs OTFS for ISAC, beamforming for dual-function systems.
coming soon